. the IDE controller, has a design which goes back to the 1984 PC/AT disk controller.
I just setup a Proxmox/VE server on a friends PC, and felt like installing a NT 4.0 Terminal server. Much to my luck, Proxmox/VE includes SCSI emulation, because it's based on KVM which in turn uses the. (mac 00:16:3e:56:df:81). Qemu (short form for Quick Emulator) is an open source hypervisor that emulates a physical computer. And can connect up to 14 storage devices. Proxmox VE emulates by default a LSI 53C895A controller. Proxmox VE will generate for each NIC a random MAC address, so that your VM is addressable on Ethernet networks.
Even if this controller has been superseded by recent designs, each and every OS you can think of has support for it, making it a great choice if you want to run an OS released before 2003. You can connect up to 4 devices on this controller. the SATA (Serial ATA) controller, dating from 2003, has a more modern design, allowing higher throughput and a greater number of devices to be connected. You can connect up to 6 devices on this controller. the SCSI controller, designed in 1985, is commonly found on server grade hardware, and can connect up to 14 storage devices. Proxmox VE emulates by default a LSI 53C895A controller. A SCSI controller of type VirtIO SCSI is the recommended setting if you aim for performance and is automatically selected for newly created Linux VMs since Proxmox VE 4.3.
Linux distributions have support for this controller since 2012, and FreeBSD since 2014. For Windows OSes, you need to provide an extra iso containing the drivers during the installation.
If you aim at maximum performance, you can select a SCSI controller of type VirtIO SCSI single which will allow you to select the IO Thread option. When selecting VirtIO SCSI single Qemu will create a new controller for each disk, instead of adding all disks to the same controller. The VirtIO Block controller, often just called VirtIO or virtio-blk, is an older type of paravirtualized controller. It has been superseded by the VirtIO SCSI Controller, in terms of features.
the QEMU image format is a copy on write format which allows snapshots, and thin provisioning of the disk image. the raw disk image is a bit-to-bit image of a hard disk, similar to what you would get when executing the dd command on a block device in Linux. This format does not support thin provisioning or snapshots by itself, requiring cooperation from the storage layer for these tasks. It may, however, be up to 10% faster than the QEMU image format. See this benchmark for details. the VMware image format only makes sense if you intend to import/export the disk image to other hypervisors. If your storage supports thin provisioning (see the storage chapter in the Proxmox VE guide), you can activate the Discard option on a drive.
With Discard set and a TRIM-enabled guest OS TRIM, UNMAP, and discard , when the VM’s filesystem marks blocks as unused after deleting files, the controller will relay this information to the storage, which will then shrink the disk image accordingly. For the guest to be able to issue TRIM commands, you must either use a VirtIO SCSI (or VirtIO SCSI Single) controller or set the SSD emulation option on the drive. Note that Discard is not supported on VirtIO Block drives. It is perfectly safe if the overall number of cores of all your VMs is greater than the number of cores on the server (e.g., 4 VMs with each 4 cores on a machine with only 8 cores). In that case the host system will balance the Qemu execution threads between your server cores, just like if you were running a standard multithreaded application.
However, Proxmox VE will prevent you from assigning more virtual CPU cores than physically available, as this will only bring the performance down due to the cost of context switches. In addition to the number of virtual cores, you can configure how much resources a VM can get in relation to the host CPU time and also in relation to other VMs. With the cpulimit (“Host CPU Time”) option you can limit how much CPU time the whole VM can use on the host. It is a floating point value representing CPU time in percent, so 1.0 is equal to 100%, 2.5 to 250% and so on.
If a single process would fully use one single core it would have 100% CPU Time usage. If a VM with four cores utilizes all its cores fully it would theoretically use 400%. In reality the usage may be even a bit higher as Qemu can have additional threads for VM peripherals besides the vCPU core ones.
This setting can be useful if a VM should have multiple vCPUs, as it runs a few processes in parallel, but the VM as a whole should not be able to run all vCPUs at 100% at the same time. Using a specific example: lets say we have a VM which would profit from having 8 vCPUs, but at no time all of those 8 cores should run at full load - as this would make the server so overloaded that other VMs and CTs would get to less CPU. So, we set the cpulimit limit to 4.0 (=400%). If all cores do the same heavy work they would all get 50% of a real host cores CPU time. But, if only 4 would do work they could still get almost 100% of a real core each. Qemu can emulate a number different of CPU types from 486 to the latest Xeon processors.
Each new processor generation adds new features, like hardware assisted 3d rendering, random number generation, memory protection, etc Usually you should select for your VM a processor type which closely matches the CPU of the host system, as it means that the host CPU features (also called CPU flags ) will be available in your VMs. If you want an exact match, you can set the CPU type to host in which case the VM will have exactly the same CPU flags as your host system. You can also optionally emulate a NUMA architecture in your VMs. The basics of the NUMA architecture mean that instead of having a global memory pool available to all your cores, the memory is spread into local banks close to each socket. This can bring speed improvements as the memory bus is not a bottleneck anymore.
If your system has a NUMA architecture if the command numactl -hardware grep available returns more than one node, then your host system has a NUMA architecture we recommend to activate the option, as this will allow proper distribution of the VM resources on the host system. This option is also required to hot-plug cores or RAM in a VM.
When multiple VMs use the autoallocate facility, it is possible to set a Shares coefficient which indicates the relative amount of the free host memory that each VM should take. Suppose for instance you have four VMs, three of them running an HTTP server and the last one is a database server. To cache more database blocks in the database server RAM, you would like to prioritize the database VM when spare RAM is available. For this you assign a Shares property of 3000 to the database VM, leaving the other VMs to the Shares default setting of 1000.
The host server has 32GB of RAM, and is currently using 16GB, leaving 32. 80/100 - 16 = 9GB RAM to be allocated to the VMs. The database VM will get 9. 3000 / (3000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000) = 4.5 GB extra RAM and each HTTP server will get 1.5 GB. Intel E1000 is the default, and emulates an Intel Gigabit network card.
the VirtIO paravirtualized NIC should be used if you aim for maximum performance. Like all VirtIO devices, the guest OS should have the proper driver installed.
the Realtek 8139 emulates an older 100 MB/s network card, and should only be used when emulating older operating systems ( released before 2002 ). the vmxnet3 is another paravirtualized device, which should only be used when importing a VM from another hypervisor. in the default Bridged mode each virtual NIC is backed on the host by a tap device, ( a software loopback device simulating an Ethernet NIC ). This tap device is added to a bridge, by default vmbr0 in Proxmox VE. In this mode, VMs have direct access to the Ethernet LAN on which the host is located. in the alternative NAT mode, each virtual NIC will only communicate with the Qemu user networking stack, where a built-in router and DHCP server can provide network access.
This built-in DHCP will serve addresses in the private 10.0.2.0/24 range. The NAT mode is much slower than the bridged mode, and should only be used for testing.
This mode is only available via CLI or the API, but not via the WebUI. Start/Shutdown order: Defines the start order priority. Set it to 1 if you want the VM to be the first to be started. (We use the reverse startup order for shutdown, so a machine with a start order of 1 would be the last to be shut down). If multiple VMs have the same order defined on a host, they will additionally be ordered by VMID in ascending order. Startup delay: Defines the interval between this VM start and subsequent VMs starts.
Set it to 240 if you want to wait 240 seconds before starting other VMs. Shutdown timeout: Defines the duration in seconds Proxmox VE should wait for the VM to be offline after issuing a shutdown command. By default this value is set to 180, which means that Proxmox VE will issue a shutdown request and wait 180 seconds for the machine to be offline. If the machine is still online after the timeout it will be stopped forcefully.
A VM export from a foreign hypervisor takes usually the form of one or more disk images, with a configuration file describing the settings of the VM (RAM, number of cores). The disk images can be in the vmdk format, if the disks come from VMware or VirtualBox, or qcow2 if the disks come from a KVM hypervisor. The most popular configuration format for VM exports is the OVF standard, but in practice interoperation is limited because many settings are not implemented in the standard itself, and hypervisors export the supplementary information in non-standard extensions. Cputype= ( default = kvm64) Emulated CPU type.
Flags= List of additional CPU flags separated. Use +FLAG to enable, -FLAG to disable a flag. Currently supported flags: pcid, spec-ctrl, ibpb, ssbd, virt-ssbd, amd-ssbd, amd-no-ssb, pdpe1gb.
Hidden= ( default = 0) Do not identify as a KVM virtual machine. Cpulimit: (0 - 128) ( default = 0) Limit of CPU usage. If the computer has 2 CPUs, it has total of 2 CPU time. Value 0 indicates no CPU limit. Cpuunits: (2 - 262144) ( default = 1024) CPU weight for a VM. Argument is used in the kernel fair scheduler. The larger the number is, the more CPU time this VM gets.
Number is relative to weights of all the other running VMs. Description: Description for the VM. Only used on the configuration web interface. This is saved as comment inside the configuration file. Efidisk0: file= ,format= ,size= Configure a Disk for storing EFI vars. You can us the lspci command to list existing PCI devices. Mdev= The type of mediated device to use.
An instance of this type will be created on startup of the VM and will be cleaned up when the VM stops. Pcie= ( default = 0) Choose the PCI-express bus (needs the q35 machine model).
Rombar= ( default = 1) Specify whether or not the device’s ROM will be visible in the guest’s memory map. Romfile= Custom pci device rom filename (must be located in /usr/share/kvm/). X-vga= ( default = 0) Enable vfio-vga device support. Hotplug: ( default = network,disk,usb) Selectively enable hotplug features.
This is a comma separated list of hotplug features: network, disk, cpu, memory and usb. Use 0 to disable hotplug completely. Value 1 is an alias for the default network,disk,usb. Hugepages: Enable/disable hugepages memory. Iden: file= ,aio= ,backup= ,bps= ,bpsmaxlength= ,bpsrd= ,bpsrdmaxlength= ,bpswr= ,bpswrmaxlength= ,cache= ,cyls= ,detectzeroes= ,discard= ,format= ,heads= ,iops= ,iopsmax= ,iopsmaxlength= ,iopsrd= ,iopsrdmax= ,iopsrdmaxlength= ,iopswr= ,iopswrmax= ,iopswrmaxlength= ,mbps= ,mbpsmax= ,mbpsrd= ,mbpsrdmax= ,mbpswr= ,mbpswrmax= ,media= ,model= ,replicate= ,rerror= ,secs= ,serial= ,shared= ,size= ,snapshot= ,ssd= ,trans= ,werror= Use volume as IDE hard disk or CD-ROM (n is 0 to 3). Aio= AIO type to use.
Backup= Whether the drive should be included when making backups. Bps= Maximum r/w speed in bytes per second.
Bpsmaxlength= Maximum length of I/O bursts in seconds. Bpsrd= Maximum read speed in bytes per second. Bpsrdmaxlength= Maximum length of read I/O bursts in seconds. Bpswr= Maximum write speed in bytes per second. Bpswrmaxlength= Maximum length of write I/O bursts in seconds.
Cache= The drive’s cache mode cyls= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific cylinder count. Detectzeroes= Controls whether to detect and try to optimize writes of zeroes. Discard= Controls whether to pass discard/trim requests to the underlying storage. File= The drive’s backing volume. Format= The drive’s backing file’s data format.
Heads= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific head count. Iops= Maximum r/w I/O in operations per second. Iopsmax= Maximum unthrottled r/w I/O pool in operations per second. Iopsmaxlength= Maximum length of I/O bursts in seconds. Iopsrd= Maximum read I/O in operations per second.
Iopsrdmax= Maximum unthrottled read I/O pool in operations per second. Iopsrdmaxlength= Maximum length of read I/O bursts in seconds.
Iopswr= Maximum write I/O in operations per second. Iopswrmax= Maximum unthrottled write I/O pool in operations per second. Iopswrmaxlength= Maximum length of write I/O bursts in seconds. Mbps= Maximum r/w speed in megabytes per second. Mbpsmax= Maximum unthrottled r/w pool in megabytes per second. Mbpsrd= Maximum read speed in megabytes per second.
Mbpsrdmax= Maximum unthrottled read pool in megabytes per second. Mbpswr= Maximum write speed in megabytes per second. Mbpswrmax= Maximum unthrottled write pool in megabytes per second. Media= ( default = disk) The drive’s media type.
Model= The drive’s reported model name, url-encoded, up to 40 bytes long. Replicate= ( default = 1) Whether the drive should considered for replication jobs. Rerror= Read error action. Secs= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific sector count. Serial= The drive’s reported serial number, url-encoded, up to 20 bytes long. Shared= ( default = 0) Mark this locally-managed volume as available on all nodes.
This option does not share the volume automatically, it assumes it is shared already! Size= Disk size. This is purely informational and has no effect.
Snapshot= Controls qemu’s snapshot mode feature. If activated, changes made to the disk are temporary and will be discarded when the VM is shutdown. Ssd= Whether to expose this drive as an SSD, rather than a rotational hard disk. Trans= Force disk geometry bios translation mode. Werror= Write error action.
Ipconfign: gw= ,gw6= ,ip= ,ip6= cloud-init: Specify IP addresses and gateways for the corresponding interface. Requires option(s): ip6 ip= ( default = dhcp) IPv4 address in CIDR format. Ip6= ( default = dhcp) IPv6 address in CIDR format. Keyboard: Keybord layout for vnc server. Default is read from the /etc/pve/datacenter.cfg configuration file.It should not be necessary to set it.
Kvm: ( default = 1) Enable/disable KVM hardware virtualization. Localtime: Set the real time clock to local time. This is enabled by default if ostype indicates a Microsoft OS. Lock: Lock/unlock the VM. Machine: (pc pc(-i440fx)?- d+.
D+(.pxe)? q35 pc-q35- d+. D+(.pxe)? virt(?:- d+. D+)?) Specifies the Qemu machine type.
Memory: (16 - N) ( default = 512) Amount of RAM for the VM in MB. This is the maximum available memory when you use the balloon device.
Migratedowntime: (0 - N) ( default = 0.1) Set maximum tolerated downtime (in seconds) for migrations. Migratespeed: (0 - N) ( default = 0) Set maximum speed (in MB/s) for migrations. Value 0 is no limit. Name: Set a name for the VM. Only used on the configuration web interface. Nameserver: cloud-init: Sets DNS server IP address for a container. Create will automatically use the setting from the host if neither searchdomain nor nameserver are set.
Netn: model= ,bridge= ,firewall= ,linkdown= ,macaddr= ,queues= ,rate= ,tag= ,trunks= ,= Specify network devices. The DHCP server assign addresses to the guest starting from 10.0.2.15. Firewall= Whether this interface should be protected by the firewall. Linkdown= Whether this interface should be disconnected (like pulling the plug). Macaddr= MAC address. That address must be unique withing your network. This is automatically generated if not specified.
Model= Network Card Model. The virtio model provides the best performance with very low CPU overhead. If your guest does not support this driver, it is usually best to use e1000. Queues= (0 - 16) Number of packet queues to be used on the device. Rate= (0 - N) Rate limit in mbps (megabytes per second) as floating point number.
Tag= (1 - 4094) VLAN tag to apply to packets on this interface. Trunks= VLAN trunks to pass through this interface. Numa: ( default = 0) Enable/disable NUMA. Numan: cpus= ,hostnodes= ,memory= ,policy= NUMA topology. Cpus= CPUs accessing this NUMA node. Hostnodes= Host NUMA nodes to use. Memory= Amount of memory this NUMA node provides.
Policy= NUMA allocation policy. Onboot: ( default = 0) Specifies whether a VM will be started during system bootup. Ostype: Specify guest operating system. This is used to enable special optimization/features for specific operating systems.
User reported problems with this option. Protection: ( default = 0) Sets the protection flag of the VM. This will disable the remove VM and remove disk operations. Reboot: ( default = 1) Allow reboot.
If set to 0 the VM exit on reboot. Satan: file= ,aio= ,backup= ,bps= ,bpsmaxlength= ,bpsrd= ,bpsrdmaxlength= ,bpswr= ,bpswrmaxlength= ,cache= ,cyls= ,detectzeroes= ,discard= ,format= ,heads= ,iops= ,iopsmax= ,iopsmaxlength= ,iopsrd= ,iopsrdmax= ,iopsrdmaxlength= ,iopswr= ,iopswrmax= ,iopswrmaxlength= ,mbps= ,mbpsmax= ,mbpsrd= ,mbpsrdmax= ,mbpswr= ,mbpswrmax= ,media= ,replicate= ,rerror= ,secs= ,serial= ,shared= ,size= ,snapshot= ,ssd= ,trans= ,werror= Use volume as SATA hard disk or CD-ROM (n is 0 to 5).
Aio= AIO type to use. Backup= Whether the drive should be included when making backups. Bps= Maximum r/w speed in bytes per second.
Bpsmaxlength= Maximum length of I/O bursts in seconds. Bpsrd= Maximum read speed in bytes per second. Bpsrdmaxlength= Maximum length of read I/O bursts in seconds. Bpswr= Maximum write speed in bytes per second. Bpswrmaxlength= Maximum length of write I/O bursts in seconds.
Cache= The drive’s cache mode cyls= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific cylinder count. Detectzeroes= Controls whether to detect and try to optimize writes of zeroes.
Discard= Controls whether to pass discard/trim requests to the underlying storage. File= The drive’s backing volume. Format= The drive’s backing file’s data format. Heads= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific head count. Iops= Maximum r/w I/O in operations per second.
Iopsmax= Maximum unthrottled r/w I/O pool in operations per second. Iopsmaxlength= Maximum length of I/O bursts in seconds. Iopsrd= Maximum read I/O in operations per second. Iopsrdmax= Maximum unthrottled read I/O pool in operations per second.
Iopsrdmaxlength= Maximum length of read I/O bursts in seconds. Iopswr= Maximum write I/O in operations per second.
Iopswrmax= Maximum unthrottled write I/O pool in operations per second. Iopswrmaxlength= Maximum length of write I/O bursts in seconds. Mbps= Maximum r/w speed in megabytes per second. Mbpsmax= Maximum unthrottled r/w pool in megabytes per second. Mbpsrd= Maximum read speed in megabytes per second. Mbpsrdmax= Maximum unthrottled read pool in megabytes per second. Mbpswr= Maximum write speed in megabytes per second.
Mbpswrmax= Maximum unthrottled write pool in megabytes per second. Media= ( default = disk) The drive’s media type. Replicate= ( default = 1) Whether the drive should considered for replication jobs.
Rerror= Read error action. Secs= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific sector count. Serial= The drive’s reported serial number, url-encoded, up to 20 bytes long. Shared= ( default = 0) Mark this locally-managed volume as available on all nodes. This option does not share the volume automatically, it assumes it is shared already! Size= Disk size. This is purely informational and has no effect.
Snapshot= Controls qemu’s snapshot mode feature. If activated, changes made to the disk are temporary and will be discarded when the VM is shutdown. Ssd= Whether to expose this drive as an SSD, rather than a rotational hard disk.
Trans= Force disk geometry bios translation mode. Werror= Write error action. Aio= AIO type to use. Backup= Whether the drive should be included when making backups. Bps= Maximum r/w speed in bytes per second. Bpsmaxlength= Maximum length of I/O bursts in seconds.
Bpsrd= Maximum read speed in bytes per second. Bpsrdmaxlength= Maximum length of read I/O bursts in seconds. Bpswr= Maximum write speed in bytes per second. Bpswrmaxlength= Maximum length of write I/O bursts in seconds. Cache= The drive’s cache mode cyls= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific cylinder count.
Detectzeroes= Controls whether to detect and try to optimize writes of zeroes. Discard= Controls whether to pass discard/trim requests to the underlying storage. File= The drive’s backing volume. Format= The drive’s backing file’s data format. Heads= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific head count. Iops= Maximum r/w I/O in operations per second.
Iopsmax= Maximum unthrottled r/w I/O pool in operations per second. Iopsmaxlength= Maximum length of I/O bursts in seconds. Iopsrd= Maximum read I/O in operations per second. Iopsrdmax= Maximum unthrottled read I/O pool in operations per second. Iopsrdmaxlength= Maximum length of read I/O bursts in seconds. Iopswr= Maximum write I/O in operations per second. Iopswrmax= Maximum unthrottled write I/O pool in operations per second.
Iopswrmaxlength= Maximum length of write I/O bursts in seconds. Iothread= Whether to use iothreads for this drive mbps= Maximum r/w speed in megabytes per second. Mbpsmax= Maximum unthrottled r/w pool in megabytes per second. Mbpsrd= Maximum read speed in megabytes per second. Mbpsrdmax= Maximum unthrottled read pool in megabytes per second. Mbpswr= Maximum write speed in megabytes per second. Mbpswrmax= Maximum unthrottled write pool in megabytes per second.
Media= ( default = disk) The drive’s media type. Queues= (2 - N) Number of queues. Replicate= ( default = 1) Whether the drive should considered for replication jobs. Rerror= Read error action. Scsiblock= ( default = 0) whether to use scsi-block for full passthrough of host block device. This option does not share the volume automatically, it assumes it is shared already! Size= Disk size.
This is purely informational and has no effect. Snapshot= Controls qemu’s snapshot mode feature. If activated, changes made to the disk are temporary and will be discarded when the VM is shutdown. Ssd= Whether to expose this drive as an SSD, rather than a rotational hard disk. Trans= Force disk geometry bios translation mode. Werror= Write error action.
Scsihw: ( default = lsi) SCSI controller model searchdomain: cloud-init: Sets DNS search domains for a container. Create will automatically use the setting from the host if neither searchdomain nor nameserver are set. Serialn: (/dev/.+ socket) Create a serial device inside the VM (n is 0 to 3), and pass through a host serial device (i.e. /dev/ttyS0), or create a unix socket on the host side (use qm terminal to open a terminal connection). User reported problems with this option. Shares: (0 - 50000) ( default = 1000) Amount of memory shares for auto-ballooning.
The larger the number is, the more memory this VM gets. Number is relative to weights of all other running VMs. Using zero disables auto-ballooning. Auto-ballooning is done by pvestatd. Smbios1: family= ,manufacturer= ,product= ,serial= ,sku= ,uuid= ,version= Specify SMBIOS type 1 fields. Family= Set SMBIOS1 family string.
Manufacturer= Set SMBIOS1 manufacturer. Product= Set SMBIOS1 product ID. Serial= Set SMBIOS1 serial number. Sku= Set SMBIOS1 SKU string. Uuid= Set SMBIOS1 UUID. Version= Set SMBIOS1 version.
Smp: (1 - N) ( default = 1) The number of CPUs. Please use option -sockets instead. Sockets: (1 - N) ( default = 1) The number of CPU sockets. Sshkeys: cloud-init: Setup public SSH keys (one key per line, OpenSSH format). Startdate: (now YYYY-MM-DD YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS) ( default = now) Set the initial date of the real time clock. Valid format for date are: now or 2006-06-17T16:01:21 or 2006-06-17.
Startup: `order= d+ ,up= d+ ,down= d+ ` Startup and shutdown behavior. Order is a non-negative number defining the general startup order. Shutdown in done with reverse ordering. Additionally you can set the up or down delay in seconds, which specifies a delay to wait before the next VM is started or stopped.
Tablet: ( default = 1) Enable/disable the USB tablet device. This device is usually needed to allow absolute mouse positioning with VNC. Else the mouse runs out of sync with normal VNC clients. If you’re running lots of console-only guests on one host, you may consider disabling this to save some context switches. This is turned off by default if you use spice (-vga=qxl).
Tdf: ( default = 0) Enable/disable time drift fix. Template: ( default = 0) Enable/disable Template.
Unusedn: Reference to unused volumes. This is used internally, and should not be modified manually. Usbn: host= ,usb3= Configure an USB device (n is 0 to 4). The value spice can be used to add a usb redirection devices for spice.
Usb3= ( default = 0) Specifies whether if given host option is a USB3 device or port (this does currently not work reliably with spice redirection and is then ignored). Vcpus: (1 - N) ( default = 0) Number of hotplugged vcpus.
Vga: type= ,memory= Configure the VGA Hardware. If you want to use high resolution modes (= 1280x1024x16) you may need to increase the vga memory option. Since QEMU 2.9 the default VGA display type is std for all OS types besides some Windows versions (XP and older) which use cirrus. The qxl option enables the SPICE display server.
For win. OS you can select how many independent displays you want, Linux guests can add displays them self. You can also run without any graphic card, using a serial device as terminal. Memory= (4 - 512) Sets the VGA memory (in MiB). Has no effect with serial display.
Type= ( default = std) Select the VGA type. Virtion: file= ,aio= ,backup= ,bps= ,bpsmaxlength= ,bpsrd= ,bpsrdmaxlength= ,bpswr= ,bpswrmaxlength= ,cache= ,cyls= ,detectzeroes= ,discard= ,format= ,heads= ,iops= ,iopsmax= ,iopsmaxlength= ,iopsrd= ,iopsrdmax= ,iopsrdmaxlength= ,iopswr= ,iopswrmax= ,iopswrmaxlength= ,iothread= ,mbps= ,mbpsmax= ,mbpsrd= ,mbpsrdmax= ,mbpswr= ,mbpswrmax= ,media= ,replicate= ,rerror= ,secs= ,serial= ,shared= ,size= ,snapshot= ,trans= ,werror= Use volume as VIRTIO hard disk (n is 0 to 15). Aio= AIO type to use.
Backup= Whether the drive should be included when making backups. Bps= Maximum r/w speed in bytes per second. Bpsmaxlength= Maximum length of I/O bursts in seconds. Bpsrd= Maximum read speed in bytes per second.
Bpsrdmaxlength= Maximum length of read I/O bursts in seconds. Bpswr= Maximum write speed in bytes per second.
Bpswrmaxlength= Maximum length of write I/O bursts in seconds. Cache= The drive’s cache mode cyls= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific cylinder count. Detectzeroes= Controls whether to detect and try to optimize writes of zeroes. Discard= Controls whether to pass discard/trim requests to the underlying storage. File= The drive’s backing volume. Format= The drive’s backing file’s data format.
Heads= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific head count. Iops= Maximum r/w I/O in operations per second. Iopsmax= Maximum unthrottled r/w I/O pool in operations per second. Iopsmaxlength= Maximum length of I/O bursts in seconds. Iopsrd= Maximum read I/O in operations per second. Iopsrdmax= Maximum unthrottled read I/O pool in operations per second. Iopsrdmaxlength= Maximum length of read I/O bursts in seconds.
Iopswr= Maximum write I/O in operations per second. Iopswrmax= Maximum unthrottled write I/O pool in operations per second. Iopswrmaxlength= Maximum length of write I/O bursts in seconds. Iothread= Whether to use iothreads for this drive mbps= Maximum r/w speed in megabytes per second. Mbpsmax= Maximum unthrottled r/w pool in megabytes per second.
Mbpsrd= Maximum read speed in megabytes per second. Mbpsrdmax= Maximum unthrottled read pool in megabytes per second. Mbpswr= Maximum write speed in megabytes per second. Mbpswrmax= Maximum unthrottled write pool in megabytes per second. Media= ( default = disk) The drive’s media type. Replicate= ( default = 1) Whether the drive should considered for replication jobs. Rerror= Read error action.
Secs= Force the drive’s physical geometry to have a specific sector count. Serial= The drive’s reported serial number, url-encoded, up to 20 bytes long. Shared= ( default = 0) Mark this locally-managed volume as available on all nodes. This option does not share the volume automatically, it assumes it is shared already! Size= Disk size. This is purely informational and has no effect. Snapshot= Controls qemu’s snapshot mode feature.
If activated, changes made to the disk are temporary and will be discarded when the VM is shutdown. Trans= Force disk geometry bios translation mode. Werror= Write error action. Vmgenid: ( default = 1 (autogenerated)) The VM generation ID (vmgenid) device exposes a 128-bit integer value identifier to the guest OS.
This allows to notify the guest operating system when the virtual machine is executed with a different configuration (e.g. Snapshot execution or creation from a template).
The guest operating system notices the change, and is then able to react as appropriate by marking its copies of distributed databases as dirty, re-initializing its random number generator, etc. Note that auto-creation only works when done throug API/CLI create or update methods, but not when manually editing the config file. Vmstatestorage: Default storage for VM state volumes/files. Watchdog: model= ,action= Create a virtual hardware watchdog device. Once enabled (by a guest action), the watchdog must be periodically polled by an agent inside the guest or else the watchdog will reset the guest (or execute the respective action specified).
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